On last week’s episode of the podcast Note to Self, formerly New Tech City, they featured a web service designed for couples who want to divorce peaceably, called Wevorce. It’s one of a number of alternatives out there for folks hoping to avoid a litigation nightmare at the end of their marriage. Along with the founder of Wevorce, the host spoke with a man who had used the service with his ex-wife to amicably split. I was struck by the first quote they played of his, which was the opening of the entire show. He said, “Nobody gets married planning on divorce, right? You get married planning on having a home together, having children together, building a future.” This is where I think I may be parting company with most of you, most everyone actually. When he said this, I thought, “Well, I kind of thought that.” I can’t say that I was planning on divorce when I got married, but I also felt like that was a real possibility, something that I should consider just like I would consider any number of other factors in deciding if I should marry someone.
This isn’t because I thought divorce from my partner was more or less likely than the other outcome, making it to the final finish line with that same intact relationship. It’s just that it’s a fact of life: some relationships don’t work out. Divorces happen. To lots of people…and, actually, it’s great that people can get divorced. Think about marriage before divorce. I don’t want to live in that world, especially as a woman.
Before the women’s rights movement in this country, it was difficult for women to get a divorce. They had to prove there was wrong-doing on the part of the husband, they suffered financially to a much greater extent than men, and they often suffered stigma as a divorced woman. Marriage for most of its history has been a pretty terrible institution for women, turning them into legal property of their husbands, helping to deny land and property rights to women, and limiting their autonomy and choices in life, including protection against battery and rape within marriage. It’s not really surprising, then, that part of the fight for greater equality for women included the growth of no-fault divorces and, with this, greater access to divorce for women. Even today, women do worse financially than men after divorce, in keeping with the ever-present wage gap and the fact that women still shoulder more of the domestic tasks, particularly child-rearing, that are unpaid and still frequently undervalued, but it is important to remember this is a great freedom to have – to be able to choose to leave your spouse.
So, I found it comforting when I got married that, if we could not make a life together that would be meaningful and positive for both of us, that we didn’t have to stay together. I married my spouse having already considered whether she would be someone that I could amicably split from, could functionally co-parent with, could maturely navigate any challenge with, even the challenge of splitting. You can’t really know these things for sure before they happen, just like you can’t know if your partner will be faithful or will stay healthy, but I had considered them. Maybe this is odd, but, assuming that splitting is a possibility for any couple, don’t you want to pick someone who you think can do it maturely?
Look, I know I’m not the tip of the iceberg here, but my feelings aren’t totally crazy. Part of what inspires my feelings on this topic is that I am just tired of the divorce stigma. Right after I graduated from college, I went on a Sierra Club service trip with my mother and grandmother. It was lots of fun, but one of the two leaders of the trip was a bit irritating. Chief among my complaints about him was the way he talked about his divorce. He’d been divorced for about a year maybe. He was worried that his kids were going to be permanently scarred. He talked about how his marriage had “failed.” I felt for him. I mean, I understand that feeling of sadness and guilt about the acute sense of loss you expose your children to with divorce. But, I asked him if he and his ex were able to co-parent, to get a long relatively well. He said yes. They had a pretty equitable arrangement in childcare. They were both committed to co-parenting. Their divorce had been pretty amicable. Then, I asked him why he though his marriage had “failed.” He looked at me like I was an idiotic kid for asking such an obvious question. (This made me more irritated.) I hoped that the feelings of scarring his children would subside, and he wouldn’t burden them needlessly with his guilt. Of course a divorce can be a real loss for a child, but it isn’t always something that permanently ruins their life. In fact, it can be harder for a child to have space for their own feelings if a parent is consumed with their own anger, grief and guilt, projecting it onto the child. Harboring that view that you’ve failed can be really detrimental to both you and your kids.
I think it’s fine to feel loss, to feel upset and disappointed that a marriage doesn’t make it to the end of life, but how sad to look at marriage as something that you fail. Just because something ends doesn’t mean it’s a failure. When you really think about it, how absurd it is to think of something as complex and intricate, as nuanced and momentous as a marriage in simple terms of success and failure. I know people who made it to the end of their lives without divorcing that did not have a happy or healthy marriage. Obviously longevity isn’t the only factor in whether a marriage is a “good” one, yet it pulls a lot of weight when we evaluate the relative quality of relationships. I try not to think of any important life experience as a success or a failure, with varying levels of success. What a prison to put yourself in.
When there are children involved it’s certainly harder to sort out the harm that you might be doing. However, in the years since this conversation, I had other exchanges with a few folks who got divorced with no children involved who still talked about their marriages “failing.” I hoped in each case that this was a trope they used in that acute period of loss and sadness that they would let go of over time. Maybe as they got further from it, they would be able to look at their marriage as a complex life experience that shaped them, taught them something, enriched their lives, gave them joy…even if it didn’t always do these things and didn’t necessarily last. It’s a balance between allowing yourself to grieve and express difficult emotions while still gently acknowledging that viewing divorce as a failure might in fact cause its own grief and pain.
I have hopes that this stigma is lifting. I now have several friends who have very happily gotten divorced. Yes, it was sad and difficult in some ways, but they are were pretty happy to get divorced in the end. In the three cases I’m thinking of, these couples did therapy, tried to make their relationships happy and healthy, tried to learn and be open…and it didn’t work. These three individuals all felt relief when they finally said, “Okay, I tried really hard, and now I’m done.” Two of them had kids and were still able to navigate an amicable end to their married relationship and beginning of their co-parenting relationship. So, knowing that divorce is sometimes a good option, an option that leads to greater health and happiness, what’s up with the way that we still talk about it all? I think part of it comes down to the value we place on marriage.
The host of Note to Self commented that, upon learning about Wevorce, she first thought it might make “divorce too easy, that people wouldn’t stick it out because they could just, like, text in their divorce papers or something.” First, of course, the end of a relationship is generally painful, so the worry that we might make it “too easy” is kind of needless. But, more importantly, do we have a vested interest, in our society, to make people “stick it out”? Is there some merit in this goal – to keep people married? Is it like getting kids to eat their vegetables? Is it really good for us? Who does this serve?
I don’t know about you, but over the years I’ve heard a lot of statistics about how marriage is good, not that it’s easy, but that it confers greater health and happiness than the alternative. It’s good for kids! It’s good for people’s long term survival! It’s good for general levels of happiness! Maybe it even makes you a better person. Justice Kennedy explained, in the majority opinion in last week’s decision on same sex marriage, Obergefell v. Hodges, that allowing gay couples to marry gave them access to an ennobling act. Marriage equality allows all couples to become married people – who have, apparently, virtue that unmarried people do not. It allows people access to, to use one Justice Kennedy’s favorite words, dignity that they would not otherwise have. So, marriage is apparently pretty awesome.
Is it though? Obviously, historically, it’s not so awesome for women. But what about today? These stats – about health, happiness, and outcomes for children – are all around. I hear them on the radio, read references to them in magazine articles. They’re often not questioned, just alluded to as fact: Marriage is good for us. Finally, after hearing yet another reference to children doing better in households with married parents, I decided to look this up. This was essentially my irritation: when you take socioeconomic status, etc. into account, does a kid who has two parents functionally co-parenting compared to another kid with a similar background whose parents are still together really do so much worse? When you control for the impacts of things like poverty and presence of a both parents, does divorce matter much? In other words, if divorce doesn’t necessitate poverty or absence of a parent, does it have to be looked at as necessarily terrible, especially if it makes the two parents happier?
I get that, in large numbers on a societal level, we want kids to have adults who, once committed to a kid’s life, stay committed. We want children to not grow up in poverty. Maybe the biggest boon for kids in two parent households is that it decreases their likelihood of being in poverty. Single parent households are missing one or, sometimes, both incomes. Poverty, it turns out, is one of the worst things for children. The outcomes for children growing up in poverty are grim in regards to scholastic achievement, lifetime earnings, substance abuse, survival and health. It’s also feasible that marriage keeps people in kid’s lives. Some parents still drop out of their kid’s lives when they split with the other parent. Marriage, on this larger scale, is an odds game. The odds are greater for kids that they won’t be in poverty and won’t be missing a parent if their parents are married. This doesn’t mean, as an individual, marriage is better, though. If you are in a situation where you can split from your partner, both remain as functional parents and ensure that your kids are not subjected to the difficulties of poverty…well, I can’t believe that marriage is better. That’s going to vary dependent on situation.
I take issue with this particularly because it highlights what our priorities are as a society. Should we just tell people to get married and believe some innate goodness comes from this? Or should we invest in social programs, education, and measures that help families mitigate the damage that poverty does to individuals, families and, ultimately, society? This is particularly important to consider because these “facts” about marriage being so great, particularly about children’s welfare, often obscure some problematic attitudes and social practices related to women.
When we evoke the “single parent household” that is supposedly so much worse for children, we are talking about mostly female-headed households. Do these households do so much worse because it’s just essential to have a dude around? Or is this because women still earn considerably less than men, and are more frequently left to shoulder the financial and parenting responsibilities for children? Wouldn’t it, therefore, be more beneficial to change the conversation from how great marriage is for kids to how great subsidized childcare and preschool are, how important quality education is in breaking the cycle of poverty, and a real recognition that among the myriad other reasons to pay women equally for equal work, it is actually in the best interest of many of the children in this country to do so? And, who knows, maybe if we had real social programs to support families and children, more couples with kids would be able to navigate the stresses of child-rearing and stay together in a relationship.
Additionally, many single mothers were never married to the father of their children. There is often an undercurrent of judgement toward these women, a sense that these women are morally questionable. Sometimes when people moan about the decline in marriage, and the inherent value it has for our culture, I suspect that there’s more than a little covert moralizing about loose women happening. This judgment, of course, is still leveled at unmarried women with children and basically not at all at unmarried men with children.
Moving on to whether marriage is good for adults, it’s also a lot more complicated than often depicted. Men’s health and happiness appears to be more tied to their marital status, than women’s…but even this isn’t something you can easily generalize about. Some studies say that heart disease is less likely in married couples. Some say it’s not. Some studies say married people are “happier” and may be less likely to report anxiety and depression symptoms. Some studies don’t. It may be that women are happier after a divorce than men, but that may simply be a temporary effect, with happiness levels about equal 5 years out. So, what do we know? A lot of this is probably variable dependent on each situation.
I don’t want to make light of the fact that divorce can be awful and terrible. (Of course, marriage can be too.) I also don’t want to give the impression that divorce is uncomplicated or easy to understand. On a societal level, socioeconomic status, gender, education, race, these all factor into marriage rates and divorce rates, perceptions of marriage, perceptions of divorce, impacts of marriage, impacts of divorce. It’s a complex subject. Too often, though, it is simply referred to as merely that tragic counterpart of the sacred, valuable marriage.
On an individual level, divorce is also complicated. Obviously, some people are going to have an easier time negotiating an amicable, equitable divorce. I don’t want to say this is a simple issue, but letting go of a stigma around divorce, letting go of a shaming and simplistic view of divorce as a failure seems like a good thing. In this age of “changing marriage,” I think it’s important to change our ideas about divorce too, to make them more reflective of how life and people change, varying both over time and among individuals. It’s also possible that with a more nuanced view of divorce, we can get a better sense of what marriage really does for ourselves and our society.